ISO Standard for Cooling Towers

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO16345

Water-cooling towers — Testing and rating of thermal performance

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 86, Refrigeration and air-conditioning, Subcommittee SC 6, Testing and rating of air-conditioners and heat pumps.

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Water-cooling towers — Testing and rating of thermal
performance
1 Scope
This International Standard covers the measurement of the thermal performance and pumping head of open- and closed-circuit, mechanical draft, wet and wet/dry cooling towers and natural draft and
fan-assisted natural draft, wet and wet/dry cooling towers. The standard rating boundaries for series mechanical draft, open- and closed-circuit cooling towers are specified.
This International Standard does not apply to the testing and rating of closed-circuit towers where the process fluid undergoes a change in phase as it passes through the heat exchanger or where the
thermophysical properties of the process fluid are not available.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The symbols used to
identify the terms contained in this International Standard are listed and defined in Clause 3.
2.1
airflow rate
total amount of dry air and associated vapour water moving through the cooling tower
2.2
ambient air conditions
atmosphere adjacent to, but not affected by, the cooling tower
2.3
approach
difference between cold (re-cooled) water temperature and the inlet-air wet-bulb temperature
2.4
approach deviation
deviation between the guaranteed and adjusted test approach
2.5
atmospheric gradient (lapse rate)
average rate of change of dry-bulb temperature with change in altitude from cold water basin curb, or
sill, level to around twice the height of the cooling tower
Note 1 to entry: The convention for use with this International Standard will be to use a negative value for decrease
in temperature as height increases.
2.6
average wind direction
predominant direction of the wind over the duration of the test period
2.7
average wind speed
arithmetical average of wind speed measurements taken over the duration of the test period
2.8
barometric pressure
atmospheric pressure taken over the duration of each test period
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16345:2014(E)

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.9
basin
open structure located beneath the cooling tower for collecting the circulating water and directing it to
the sump or suction line of the circulating pump
2.10
basin curb
top elevation of the tower basin
Note 1 to entry: Usually the datum from tower elevations is measured.
2.11
blowdown
water discharged from the system to control the concentration of salts or other impurities in the
circulating water
2.12
capability
measured thermal capacity of a cooling tower, expressed as a percentage of the design water flow rate
2.13
cell
smallest subdivision of the tower, bounded by exterior walls and partition walls, which can function as
an independent unit
Note 1 to entry: Each cell can have one or more fans or stacks and one or more distribution systems.
2.14
cell dimensions
dimensions that describe the size of a cooling tower cell
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions include
a) dimension perpendicular to the tower longitudinal axis and usually at right angles to the air inlet faces,
b) length: dimension parallel to the longitudinal axis and the plane where air inlets are usually located, and
c) height: on induced draft towers, the distance from the basin curb to the top of the fan deck, but not including
the fan stack.
Note 2 to entry: On forced and natural draft towers, the distance from the basin curb to the discharge plane of
the tower.
2.15
closed-circuit cooling tower
cooling tower comprised of a water flow loop re-circulating over the outside of a closed-circuit heat
exchanger containing the process fluid loop
Note 1 to entry: Air is drawn through the water passing over the outside of the closed-circuit heat exchanger,
enabling cooling by evaporation. No direct contact occurs between the process fluid loop and the open evaporative
cooling loop.
2.16
cold (re-cooled water temperature) water
in an open cooling tower, the average temperature of the water entering the tower basin
Note 1 to entry: The convention from here on will be to use the term “cold water” in ISO 16245.
Note 2 to entry: In the case where the measurement is downstream of the basin or the pump, corrections are
needed for the effects of the pump and any other makeup water, blowdown, or heat sources entering the basin.

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.17
cooling range
difference between the hot and cold water or process fluid temperatures
Note 1 to entry: The term ‘range’ is also applied to this definition, but is regarded as a non-preferred term.
2.18
cooling tower
apparatus in which process fluid is cooled by evaporative heat exchange with ambient air
2.19
counter-flow
situation in which air and water flow in opposite direction within the cooling tower
2.20
cross-flow
situation in which air flows perpendicularly to the water flow within the cooling tower
2.21
discharge plume
discharge air stream of the cooling tower when made visible (wholly or in part) by the condensation of
water vapour as the moist air stream is cooled to ambient temperature
2.22
distribution system
system for receiving the water entering the cooling tower and distributing it over the area where it
contacts the atmospheric air
2.23
drift eliminator
assemblies downstream of the heat transfer media which serve to reduce the drift loss
2.24
drift loss
portion of the water flow rate lost from the tower in the form of fine droplets mechanically entrained in
the discharge air stream, commonly expressed as mass per unit time or a percentage of the circulating
water flow rate
Note 1 to entry: It is independent of water lost by evaporation.
2.25
dry-bulb temperature
temperature of an air-vapour mixture indicated by a thermometer with a clean, dry sensing element
that is shielded from radiation effects
Note 1 to entry: Dry-bulb temperature can be further categorised as either
a) ambient dry-bulb temperature: the dry-bulb temperature of air measured windward of the tower and free
from the influence of the tower or
b) entering dry-bulb temperature: the dry-bulb temperature of the air entering the tower, including the effect
of any re-circulation and/or interference.
2.26
entering air conditions
average characteristics of the airflow entering the cooling tower
2.27
fan power
power consumed by the fan driver, which might or might not include the efficiency of the driver,
depending on the contract

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.28
fill (pack)
devices placed in the cooling tower within the heat exchange section for the purpose of enhancing the
surface area and/or the rate of heat transfer from the water stream to the air stream
2.29
final test result
average of the results from the minimum number of valid test periods
2.30
flow rate
quantity of hot process fluid to be cooled by the tower
2.31
fluid type
type of process fluid to be cooled by the tower
2.32
fouling factors
expression of reduction of heat transfer capability caused by internal and/or external contamination of
the heat exchanger
2.33
heat exchanger pressure drop
pressure drop of the process fluid across the contractual inlet and outlet locations of the heat exchanger(s)
of a closed-circuit or wet/dry cooling tower, adjusted for elevation and velocity
2.34
heat load
rate of heat removal from the process fluid within the tower
2.35
hot process fluid temperature
average temperature of the process fluid entering the heat exchanger in a closed-circuit tower
2.36
hot water temperature
average temperature of the inlet water in an open-circuit cooling tower
2.37
interference
thermal contamination of air entering the cooling tower by a source extraneous to the tower, generally
another cooling tower
2.38
L/G
ratio of total mass flow rates of liquid (water) over gas (dry air) in an open-circuit cooling tower
2.39
makeup
water added to the system to replace the water lost by evaporation, drift, blowdown, and leakage
2.40
mechanical draft cooling tower
cooling tower where the air circulation is produced by a fan
Note 1 to entry: Mechanical draft cooling towers can be further categorised as either
a) forced draft: the fan is located in the entering air stream or
b) induced draft: the fan is located in the discharge air stream.

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.41
natural draft cooling tower
cooling tower wherein the air circulation is produced by a difference in density between the cooler air
outside the cooling tower and the warmer, more humid air inside
Note 1 to entry: Natural draft towers can be fan assisted.
2.42
non-series type
design, generally site constructed, for which the performance is project dependent
2.43
open-circuit (wet) cooling tower
cooling tower wherein the process fluid is warm water which is cooled by the transfer of mass and heat
through direct contact with atmospheric air
2.44
partition wall
vertical interior wall, either transverse, longitudinal, or radial, that subdivides a cooling tower into cells
2.45
process fluid
working fluid used to transport heat from heat source to the cooling tower
Note 1 to entry: It can be water or any chemical element, compound or mixture, liquid or gas, in single phase flow.
2.46
pump head
in an open-circuit tower, the sum of static head and dynamic head from the contractual inlet interface to
the discharge of the distribution system to atmosphere
2.47
re-circulation
portion of the outlet air that re-enters the tower
2.48
relative humidity
ratio of the mole fraction of water vapour in a given air sample to the mole fraction of water vapour in a sample of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure, usually expressed as a percentage
2.49
series type
design which is fixed and described in the manufacturer’s catalogue, generally factory assembled, and
for which the performance data are pre-determined
2.50
spray water flow
quantity of water flowing over the outside of the heat exchanger in a closed-circuit tower
2.51
test agent
person or entity responsible for conducting the testing
2.52
test period
time duration where readings or recordings of every measurement have to be averaged and test period
results can be calculated
2.53
test readings
individual sets of data recorded at regular intervals for each instrument or measurement point required
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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.54
thermal lag
time interval before the temperature of the water leaving the influence of the cooling air is detected at
the point of cold water temperature measurement
2.55
tolerance
numerical value defined in contract documents or by a certification program expressed in percentage
points or degrees Celsius which can be applied to the test results when determining compliance with
the pass/fail criteria
Note 1 to entry: Typically, a tolerance is agreed for taking test variability into account.
2.56
top of shell wind speed
for natural draft or fan-assisted natural draft towers, the wind speed at the elevation of the plane
through the top of shell and within the defined distance from the tower
2.57
total dissolved solids
weight of inorganic and organic matter in true solution per unit volume of water
Note 1 to entry: Typically, over 90 % of all solids dissolved in water are present as six different ions. Calcium,
magnesium, sodium, chlorides, sulphates, and carbonates are usually expressed as mg/l.
2.58
total suspended solids
weight of particulates, both organic and inorganic, suspended, but not dissolved, per unit of water
Note 1 to entry: Total suspended solids are usually expressed as mg/l.
2.59
uncertainty, random
estimate characterizing the range of values within which it is asserted with a given degree of confidence
that the true value of the measure can be expected to lie
2.60
valid test period
test period where constancy and values of measured parameters are within the limits of this code
2.61
water flow rate
quantity of hot water flowing into an open cooling tower
2.62
water loading
water flow rate expressed as quantity per unit of fill plan area of the tower
2.63
wet-bulb temperature
temperature of air indicated by a thermometer, shielded from radiation, with the sensing element
covered by a thoroughly wetted and adequately ventilated wick
Note 1 to entry: Properly measured, it closely approximates the temperature of an adiabatic saturation and can
be further categorised as either
a) ambient wet-bulb temperature: the wet-bulb temperature of air measured windward of the tower and free
from the influence of the tower or
b) entering wet-bulb temperature: the wet-bulb temperature of the air entering the tower, including the effect
of any re-circulation and/or interference.

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

2.64
wet/dry cooling tower
cooling tower incorporating two concurrent modes of heat transfer: wet or evaporative and dry or
sensible
Note 1 to entry: Wet/dry towers can be of open or closed type and are most often used to control or limit the
discharge plume, but can also be used to reduce water consumption.
2.65
design
set of parameters defined by specification or contract as the basis against which the cooling tower
performance is analyzed
3 Symbols and abbreviations
AC total internal area of hot water conduit at tower inlet, expressed in square metres, m2
AFILL gross face area of fill, perpendicular to direction of airflow, expressed in square metres, m2
a area of transfer surface per unit of fill volume, expressed in square metres per cubic metres, m2/

m3

C heat transfer coefficient
CCAP tower capability, expressed as a percentage (%) of design flow
CF pressure loss coefficient, expressed as a dimensionless unit
cp specific heat of a fluid at constant pressure, expressed in kJ/kg °C

NOTE Assumed to be 4,186 kJ/kg °C for water.
D diameter of pipe, expressed in metres, m
d diameter of wet bulb and covering, expressed in millimetres, mm

ΔE difference in elevation between the inlet and outlet nozzles of the heat exchanger of a closed-
circuit tower, expressed in metres, m

G mass flow rate of dry air through the cooling tower, expressed in kilograms of dry air per second,

kg dry air/s

gc acceleration due to gravity, expressed in metres per square second, m/s2
H elevation difference between top of the shell of a natural draft tower and the midpoint of fill

height, expressed in metres, m

HP tower pumping head of flowing fluid, expressed in metres, m
h enthalpy, expressed in kiloJoules per kilogram dry air, kJ/kg dry air
h enthalpy difference, expressed in kiloJoules per kilogram of dry air, kJ/kg dry air
hA enthalpy of air, expressed in kiloJoules per kilogram dry air, kJ/kg dry air

hha enthalpy of air-water vapour mixture at bulb air temperature, expressed in kiloJoules per kilo-
gram dry air, kJ/kg dry air

hM enthalpy of saturated air-water vapour mixture at bulb water temperature, expressed in kilo-
Joules per kilogram of dry air, kJ/kg dry air

ICAP tolerance for instance for tests uncertainty on tower capability, expressed as a percentage, %

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

ITEMP tolerance for instance for tests uncertainty on tower approach deviation, expressed in degrees

Celsius, °C

K overall heat and mass transfer coefficient, expressed in kilograms per second, kg/s°m2
KaV/L tower characteristic, expressed in dimensionless units
kWFM input power to an electric fan motor, expressed in kilowatts, kW
kWPM input power to an electric pump motor, expressed in kilowatts, kW
K0:K1: constants in formulae, derived by combining known values of K2
L mass flow rate of water entering the cooling tower, expressed in kilograms per second, kg/s
L/G ratio of mass flow rate of water to that of air, expressed in dimensionless units
n an integer number, typically the nth term in a series
PB barometric pressure, expressed in pascals, Pa
PHE pressure loss across the heat exchanger of a closed-circuit or wet/dry cooling tower, expressed in

kilopascals, kPa

PI static pressure of the process fluid at the inlet nozzle to the heat exchanger of a closed-circuit

tower, expressed in pascals, Pa

PO static pressure of the process fluid at the outlet nozzle to the heat exchanger of a closed-circuit

tower, expressed in pascals, Pa

PT total pressure referred to atmospheric, expressed in pascals, Pa

PST static pressure at the centreline of the tower hot water inlet conduit, expressed in metres of flow-
ing fluid, m

PV velocity pressure (computed from v2/2gc) at the centreline of tower hot water inlet conduit,

expressed in metres of flowing fluid, m

P1 static pressure of water or process fluid at suction of main circulating pump, expressed in kilo-
pascals, kPa

P2 static pressure of water or process fluid at discharge of main circulating pump, expressed in

kilopascals, kPa

QA volumetric flow rate of air, expressed in cubic metres per second, m3/s
QBD volumetric flow rate of blowdown water, expressed in mass flow rate of water per second, L/s
QMU volumetric flow rate of makeup water, expressed in mass flow rate of water per second, L/s
QPF volumetric flow rate of process fluid, expressed in mass flow rate of water per second, L/s
QRW volumetric flow rate of water re-circulating over the external surface of the heat exchanger of a

closed-circuit cooling tower, expressed in mass flow rate of water per second, L/s

QW volumetric flow rate of circulating water in an open cooling tower, expressed in mass flow rate of

water per second, L/s

q heat transfer rate from water/process fluid to the ambient air, expressed in kiloJoules per second,

kJ/s

qDRY dry heat transfer rate for wet/dry cooling tower, expressed in kiloJoules per second, kJ/s
qWET wet heat transfer rate for wet/dry cooling tower, expressed in kiloJoules per second, kJ/s
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ISO 16345:2014(E)

qTOT total heat transfer rate for wet/dry cooling tower, expressed in kiloJoules per second, kJ/s
R cooling range, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
RH relative humidity, expressed as a percentage, %
S thermal lag, expressed in seconds, s
TApp approach deviation, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
TBD temperature, blowdown water, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
TCW temperature, cold water leaving the tower, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
TCPF temperature, cold process fluid leaving the tower, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
TDB temperature, air dry-bulb, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
THW temperature, hot water entering the cooling tower, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
THPF temperature, hot process fluid entering the tower, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
TMU temperature, makeup water, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C

TRW temperature, re-circulating water of a closed-circuit cooling tower measured at the pump dis-
charge, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C

TWB temperature, air wet-bulb, expressed in degrees Celsius, °C
Tam ambient dry-bulb temperature, expressed in °C
Tent average entering dry-bulb temperature, expressed in °C
tex linear mass density of fibres, expressed as mass in grams per 1 000 metres (1 tex = 10−6 kg/m)
V effective cooling tower fill volume, expressed in cubic metres, m3
VA velocity of air, expressed in metres per second, m/s
Vavg average wind velocity
VFD variable frequency drive
VL velocity of liquid, expressed in metres per second, m/s
VW velocity of wind, expressed in metres per second, m/s
vA specific volume of air, expressed in cubic metres of mixture per kilogram of dry air, m3 mixture/

kg dry air

WFM fan motor power output, expressed in kilowatts, kW
Xx, adj designates the value has been adjusted, e.g. for fan power, makeup water temperature, etc.
Xx, amb designates the value pertains to the ambient air surrounding the tower
Xx, 1 designates value pertains to air entering the tower inlet
Xx, 2 designates value pertains to air leaving the tower (discharge)
Xx, d designates the value pertains to the design condition
Xx, dry indicates the value pertains to the dry section of a wet/dry cooling tower

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ISO 16345:2014(E)

Xx, i indicates the value is obtained from the intercept of two curves
Xx, (n) number counter, e.g. the nth term
Xx, PF designates the value pertains to the process fluid circulating through the heat exchanger of a

closed-circuit cooling tower

Xx,pred designates a predicted value determined from the manufacturer’s performance data
Xx, t designates the value pertains to a measured test condition
Xx, w designates the value pertains to the water circulating through an open cooling tower
Xx, wet indicates the value pertains to the wet portion of a wet/dry
x exponent applied to L/G ratio in the cooling tower operating formula, expressed in dimensionless

units
NOTE Typically on the order of −0,6.

y exponent applied to ratio of design to test fan motor power to adjust dry capacity of wet/dry tow-
ers expressed in dimensionless units

Zi vertical distance from basin curb to centreline of tower piping inlet, expressed in metres, m
z exponent applied to ratio of design to test fan motor power to adjust capacity of closed-circuit

towers, expressed in dimensionless units
NOTE Typically on the order of 0,2.

γ weighting coefficient, expressed in dimensionless units
ρW density of water, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, kg/m3
Υ correction factor for crossflow towers, from Annex E, expressed in dimensionless units
ηFM efficiency of fan motor, expressed as a percentage, %
ηP efficiency of main circulating pump (not motor), expressed as a percentage, %
ρ specific mass or density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, kg/m3
ρA density of air, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, kg/m3
ρPF density of process fluid, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, kg/m3
τ1 time at the start of the test period, expressed in hours and minutes, hr-min
τ2 time at the end of the test period, expressed in hours and minutes, hr-min
φA absolute humidity of air, expressed in kilograms of mixtures per kilograms of air, kg mixture/kg

air

4 Performance tests — General
4.1 Application of standard
The performance test forming the subject of this International Standard can be carried out as a contractual
acceptance test or as a qualification or re-verification test, as part of a certification programme. This
International Standard can also be used as a guideline to monitor the performance of equipment during
its operation. The method described in this International Standard for the verification of performance
applies to all cooling towers described in the Scope.
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ISO 16345:2014(E)

4.2 Test schedule
Acceptance tests should be carried out within a period of one year after start up, preferably after
commissioning. To achieve full thermal performance of open cooling towers with film fill, the cooling
tower shall operate under heat load for a sufficient period to condition the fill. For this reason, a
mutual agreement about the anticipated test schedule between owner/purchaser, testing agency, and
manufacturer shall be reached.
For closed-circuit cooling towers, it is preferred to conduct the test as shortly as possible after the start
up to avoid the influence of heat exchanger surface contamination. This can also apply to certain wet/dry
configurations, where water is sprayed on the heat exchanger surface.
4.3 Pretest agreements
4.3.1 General
If the test is being performed to establish compliance with contractual obligations, it is recommended
the parties to the contract agree to several aspects of the test, prior to the test.
4.3.2 Test tolerance and uncertainty
When testing is run according to this code, the results represent without correction for uncertainty
the best available assessment of the actual performance of the equipment. The parties to a test should
agree before starting a test and ideally before signing a contact on any tolerances that can be applied
to measured final test results. Agreement should also be reached prior to testing as to whether, how,
and by whom an uncertainty calculation shall be made to assess the quality of the testing conducted,
including any criteria for rejection of testing based on uncertainty.
4.3.3 Fouling factors
On closed-circuit cooling towers where a fouling factor is included in the performance guarantee, the
purchaser and the manufacturer should agree upon the degree of fouling assumed to be present at the
time of the test and the method for adjusting the test results to the fouling allowance specified.
4.3.4 Additional or rescheduled tests
The parties to the test should agree to the allocation of additional expenses incurred if for some reason
the test shall be halted and rescheduled at another time or if one or more parties request additional
tests.
4.3.5 Scope of test and evaluation method
The parties of the test should agree on the scope of the test, i.e. the use of single or multiple valid test
periods, engineering or survey grade, extended test method, and the test evaluation method, either
by determination of the tower capability or by approach deviation. For wet/dry closed-circuit cooling
towers, it needs to be determined whether the test shall also include verification of performance in the
dry operating mode.
4.3.6 Documentation
Prior to the testing contract and preferably with the original tower proposal, the manufacturer shall
submit performance documents setting out the guaranteed properties as function of the allowable
influence parameters (see 5.3).
4.4 Flexibility
It is recognized that the data limitations specified throughout this test procedure represent desired
conditions which might not exist at the time the test is performed. In such cases, existing conditions can
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ISO 16345:2014(E)

be used for performance test, if mutually agreed upon by authorized representatives of the manufacturer,
the purchaser, and the agency conducting the test (if applicable). In such cases, the accuracy of the test
is compromised (see 10.4) and full compliance to this code can no longer be claimed.
5 Objective of tests
5.1 General
The objective of the testing is to verify the guaranteed thermal and hydraulic properties of the cooling
tower supplied, including verifying the following items:
a) determination of the tower capability or approach deviation at measured conditions;
b) pump head, flow rates, and pressure losses.
5.2 Basis of guarantee
The cold water (process fluid) temperature is as a function of:
a) water (process fluid) flow rate;
b) wet-bulb temperature or relative humidity and dry bulb;
c) cooling range, or hot water temperature, and where applicable, as a function of other parameters
such as
— dry-bulb temperature,
— fan driver power consumption (as driver input or output as contractually agreed),
— atmospheric pressure,
— atmospheric vertical temperature gradient,
— wind speed, and
— wind direction;
d) cooling tower pump head or the heat exchanger pressure drop applicable parameters, which are
defined by tower type in Table 1;
e) other parameters can be guaranteed subject to the contract.
5.3 Form of the guarantee documents
5.3.1 General
The guarantee documents shall take the form of performance curves or characteristic curves and
associated tabular data, or spread sheets, curves, formulas, computer programs, etc. A block of data
shall be included on the curves containing the guaranteed parameters for the appropriate products as
defined in Table 1. If supplied as spread sheets, formulas, computer programs, etc., the information shall
be equivalent in scope and detail to the requirements for curves in 5.3.2 through 5.3.6 and characteristic
equations in 5.3.7.
5.3.2 Performance curves — Mechanical draft
The tower manufacturer shall submit tower performance data in the form of a family of performance
curves consisting of a minimum of three sets of three curves each. One set shall apply to 90 %, one set to
100 %, and the other to 110 % of the design process fluid flow rate. Each set shall be presented as a plot
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ISO 16345:2014(E)

of wet-bulb temperature as the abscissa versus cold water temperature as the ordinate, with cooling
range as a parameter. Curves shall be based on constant fan speed and pitch.
a) In addition to the design cooling range curve, at least two bracketing curves at approximately 80 %
and 120 % of the design cooling range shall be included as a minimum. The design point shall be
clearly indicated on the appropriate curve.
b) The curves shall fully cover (but not necessarily be limited to) allowable variations from design
specified in 8.2.4.2.
c) On closed-circuit towers, including wet/dry, where the process fluid is a mixture (e.g. an aqueous
glycol solution), the performance curves shall be expanded to encompass solution concentration as a
parameter with curves for at least three concentrations: design, five percentage points above design,
and five percentage points below design (e.g. for a design concentration of 25 %, performance curves
shall be submitted for 20 %, 25 %, and 30 % concentrations). These curves shall be interpolated to
the measured concentration at the time of the test evaluation.
d) For wet/dry closed-circuit cooling towers, the manufacturer shall specify the operating conditions
and control settings of the tower required to yield full capacity in the wet/dry operating mode. If
verification of performance in the dry operating mode is required, the manufacturer shall specify
operating conditions and control settings in this mode and submit performance curves as specified
above but with the dry-bulb temperature as abscissa.
5.3.3 Performance curves — Wet/dry and fan-assisted natural draft towers
The tower manufacturer shall submit a family of curves which relate the pertinent performance
variables, including as a minimum, one set of curves for each of three process fluid flow rates, one at
90 % of design, one at 100 % of design, and one at 110 % of design. Each set shall consist of three or more
cooling range curves and at least four relative humidity curves, arranged to show the effects of wet-bulb
temperature, relative humidity, and cooling range on the cold process fluid temperature. Curves shall be
based on constant fan speed and pitch.
NOTE In special cases where performance guarantees are limited for winds from specific directions,
measurement of the wind direction would become mandatory.





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Gem Equipments entered the engineering and fabrication industry in 1984. We specialise in design, engineering and fabrication of Cooling Towers, Compressed Air Dryers, Wall Mounting Compressed air dryers, High Pressure Compressed air dryers, All Aluminium Compressed air dryers, Copper Coil Compressed air dryers, Dual Frequency Compressed air dryers, General Purpose Compressed air dryers, Logic Controller Compressed air dryers, Energy Saving Digital Compressed air dryers, Series Heatless Compressed air dryers, Desiccant Compressed air dryers, Bottle Type Cooling Tower, Adiabatic Cooling Towers, Cross Flow Cooling Tower, Compressed Air Receiver, Compressed Air Filters, Industrial Chillers and Compressed Air Treatment Accessories. A compressed air dryers is a device designed to remove moisture from compressed air. This compressed air dryers is essential in various industrial applications to ensure the efficiency and longevity of equipment.The compressed air dryers works by reducing the dew point of the air, preventing condensation and corrosion in the system. The design of a compressed air dryers varies depending on the type of compressed air dryers. Common types include refrigerated compressed air dryers, desiccant compressed air dryers, and membrane compressed air dryers. Each compressed air dryers type has its unique structure and method for removing moisture from the air. For instance, a refrigerated dryers cools the air to condense water vapor, while a desiccant compressed air dryers uses absorbent materials to remove moisture. The working principle of a compressed air dryers involves several stages to ensure efficient moisture removal. Initially, the air enters the the compressed air dryers and passes through a pre-filter to remove large particles. This pre-filter stage is crucial for protecting the compressed air dryers from potential damage caused by contaminants. The air then moves into the main drying chamber, where the compressed air dryers removes moisture through different mechanisms depending on the type of compressed air dryers. In a refrigerated compressed air dryers, the air is cooled to condense water vapor. The cooling process in the refrigerated compressed air dryers lowers the air temperature, causing the moisture to condense into liquid form. This condensed water is then drained out of the compressed air dryers, leaving the air dry. The dried air is then reheated to prevent condensation in the downstream piping. In a desiccant compressed air dryers, the air passes through desiccant material that absorbs moisture. The desiccant dryers uses materials such as silica gel or activated alumina to attract and hold water molecules. As the air flows through the desiccant compressed air dryers, the moisture is absorbed by the desiccant material, resulting in dry air. The desiccant compressed air dryers typically has a regeneration cycle to remove the absorbed moisture from the desiccant, ensuring continuous operation.In a membrane compressed air dryers, the air passes through a semi-permeable membrane that allows water vapor to pass through while retaining the dry air. The membrane dryers separates moisture from the air based on the difference in partial pressure across the membrane. This process in the membrane compressed air dryers ensures that only dry air reaches the end-use application. Applications: Compressed air dryers are used in various industries, including manufacturing, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. These dryers are crucial in applications where moisture-free air is essential for product quality and process efficiency. For example, in the food industry, a dryers ensures that air used in packaging is dry, preventing contamination. In the pharmaceutical industry, a dryers is used to maintain the integrity of sensitive products. Types of Compressed Air Dryers:Refrigerated compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers cools the air to condense and remove moisture.1. Desiccant compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers uses desiccant materials to absorb moisture from the air. 2. Membrane compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate moisture from the air.3. Deliquescent compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers uses a hygroscopic substance to absorb moisture. 4. Heatless compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers uses a desiccant material that is regenerated without heat.5. Heated compressed air Dryers: This compressed air dryers uses heat to regenerate the desiccant material. A cooling tower is a crucial component in industrial production, designed to reduce heat from the plant and enhance production efficiency. Cooling towers vary in size, from small units to extremely large structures, and are used to cool industrial hot water. A cooling tower extracts heat from a building and releases it into the atmosphere, returning cooler water to the system. Industrial pipes transport the heated water to the cooling tower, where it is cooled and referred to as condenser water due to its role in absorbing heat from the chiller’s cooling coil. India’s rapid industrialization and production growth necessitate the construction of more factories, each requiring efficient cooling towers. Towertech stands out as a leading provider of cooling towers, known for their high-quality and reliable products. The interior features of cooling towers differ based on the cooling demands of a structure, with the size of the structure determining the cooling capacity required. WHAT IS A COOLING TOWER? A cooling tower removes heat generated during industrial processes by transferring it to the atmosphere using water. Most cooling towers operate by evaporating a small amount of water, which helps to cool the remaining water. A cooling tower is essentially a heat exchanger that brings air and water into close contact to reduce the water’s temperature. As a small quantity of water evaporates, the temperature of the remaining water decreases. Water plays a vital role in cooling towers, facilitating heat transfer from one place to another. Industries such as additive manufacturing, tool and die-cutting, chemicals, lasers, milling machines, and semiconductors all rely on cooling towers to keep equipment and products cool. HOW DOES A COOLING TOWER WORK? A cooling tower operates on the principle of heat exchange, utilizing thermodynamics to transfer heat from hot water to cooler water. During industrial manufacturing processes, significant amounts of heat are generated, necessitating cooling before the water can be reused. In a cooling tower, hot water from the industry is transported through pipes to the top of the tower, where it is sprayed through nozzles. As the hot water descends through the tower, it comes into contact with the air, cooling down in the process. The cooled water collects in a basin at the bottom of the tower and is then recirculated back to the industry for reuse. When water from the heated reservoir is pumped into the cooling tower, it is sprayed into tiny droplets, increasing the surface area and enhancing heat transfer through evaporation12. TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS Cooling towers are tailored to meet the specific requirements of different industries. Towertech offers a variety of cooling towers, each designed for optimal cooling efficiency. Here are some common types: o Cross flow Cooling tower o Modular cooling tower o Round shape cooling tower or Bottle Type Cooling Tower o Square Type Cooling Tower or Rectangular Type Cooling Tower OPERATIONS OF A COOLING TOWER The operation of a cooling tower involves several key components and processes: 1. Water Circulation: Hot water from the industrial process is pumped to the top of the cooling tower. 2. Water Distribution: The water is distributed evenly over the fill media using spray nozzles or distribution basins. 3. Air Flow: Air is drawn or pushed through the tower by fans (mechanical draft) or by natural convection (natural draft). 4. Heat Exchange: As water flows over the fill media, it comes into contact with the air, and a small portion evaporates, removing heat from the remaining water. 5. Cooling: The cooled water collects in the basin at the bottom of the tower. 6. Recirculation: The cooled water is pumped back to the industrial process to absorb more heat, repeating the cycle34. Bottle Type Cooling Tower / Round Cooling tower Overview: A bottle type cooling tower, also known as a round cooling tower, is a type of induced draft cooling tower. This cooling tower is designed to cool industrial process water by dissipating heat into the atmosphere. The cooling tower achieves this by allowing water to flow over fill media, which increases the surface area for heat exchange. Design and Structure: The bottle type cooling tower has a cylindrical shape, which helps in uniform air distribution. The cooling tower is equipped with a fan at the top that induces air flow through the tower. Water is sprayed from the top of the cooling tower and flows down over the fill media, where it comes into contact with the air. This process enhances the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower. Working Principle: The cooling tower operates on the principle of evaporative cooling. Warm water from the industrial process is pumped to the top of the cooling tower and distributed over the fill media. As the water flows down, it comes into contact with the air being drawn up by the fan. The air absorbs heat from the water, causing a portion of the water to evaporate. This evaporation removes heat from the remaining water, which is then collected at the bottom of the cooling tower and recirculated back into the industrial process. Advantages: • Efficient Cooling: The cylindrical design of the cooling tower ensures uniform air distribution, leading to efficient cooling. • Space-Saving: The compact design of the bottle type cooling tower makes it suitable for installations with limited space. • Low Maintenance: The simple design of the cooling tower reduces maintenance requirements. • Applications: Bottle type cooling towers are widely used in various industries, including power plants, chemical processing, and HVAC systems, where efficient cooling is essential for process optimization. Square Type Cooling Tower / Rectangular type cooling tower Overview: A square type cooling tower, also known as a rectangular cooling tower, is a type of induced draft cooling tower. This cooling tower is designed to cool industrial process water by dissipating heat into the atmosphere. The square shape allows for modular installation, making it suitable for larger cooling requirements. Design and Structure: The square type cooling tower features a rectangular design that facilitates easy installation and maintenance. The cooling tower is equipped with a fan at the top that induces air flow through the tower. Water is distributed evenly over the fill media through spray nozzles, enhancing the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower. Working Principle: The cooling tower operates on the principle of induced draft counter flow. Warm water from the industrial process is pumped to the top of the cooling tower and sprayed over the fill media. As the water flows down, it comes into contact with the air being drawn up by the fan. The air absorbs heat from the water, causing a portion of the water to evaporate. This evaporation removes heat from the remaining water, which is then collected at the bottom of the cooling tower and recirculated back into the industrial process1. Advantages: • Efficient Cooling: The rectangular design allows for uniform air distribution, leading to efficient cooling. • Modular Installation: The square shape makes it easy to install multiple units in parallel for larger cooling capacities. • Low Maintenance: The design of the cooling tower reduces maintenance requirements. Applications: Square type cooling towers are widely used in various industries, including power plants, chemical processing, and HVAC systems, where efficient cooling is essential for process optimization12. Crossflow Cooling Tower Overview: A crossflow cooling tower is a type of cooling tower where the air flows horizontally across the water stream. This cooling tower design allows for efficient heat transfer and is commonly used in various industrial applications. Design and Structure: In a crossflow cooling tower, the hot water from the industrial process is distributed over the fill media from the top. The air enters the cooling tower from the sides and moves horizontally across the falling water. This perpendicular interaction between air and water enhances the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower. Working Principle: The crossflow cooling tower operates on the principle of evaporative cooling. Warm water is pumped to the top of the cooling tower and distributed over the fill media. As the water flows down, it comes into contact with the air moving horizontally. The air absorbs heat from the water, causing a portion of the water to evaporate. This evaporation removes heat from the remaining water, which is then collected at the bottom of the cooling tower and recirculated back into the industrial process. Advantages: • Easy Maintenance: The design of the crossflow cooling tower allows for easy access to internal components, making maintenance simpler. • Energy Efficiency: Crossflow cooling towers generally consume less power compared to other types of cooling towers. • Uniform Air Distribution: The horizontal air flow ensures uniform distribution, leading to efficient cooling. Applications: Crossflow cooling towers are widely used in industries such as power generation, chemical processing, and HVAC systems, where efficient cooling is crucial for process optimization. The cooling tower’s design makes it suitable for various cooling tower applications, ensuring efficient cooling tower performance. The cooling tower’s ability to provide uniform air distribution enhances the cooling tower’s efficiency. Additionally, the cooling tower’s easy maintenance feature makes it a preferred choice for many industries. The cooling tower’s energy efficiency also contributes to its popularity. Overall, the crossflow cooling tower is an excellent choice for industries requiring efficient cooling tower solutions. Modular Cooling Tower Overview: A modular cooling tower is a type of cooling tower designed for flexibility and scalability. This cooling tower can be assembled in modules, allowing for easy expansion and maintenance. Modular cooling towers are commonly used in various industrial applications where efficient cooling tower performance is essential. Design and Structure: In a modular cooling tower, each module functions as an independent cooling tower unit. These modules can be connected to form a larger cooling tower system. The modular design allows for easy installation and customization based on the cooling requirements. The cooling tower modules are equipped with fill media, fans, and water distribution systems to ensure efficient cooling tower operation. Working Principle: The modular cooling tower operates on the principle of evaporative cooling. Warm water is pumped to the top of each cooling tower module and distributed over the fill media. As the water flows down, it comes into contact with the air moving through the cooling tower. The air absorbs heat from the water, causing a portion of the water to evaporate. This evaporation removes heat from the remaining water, which is then collected at the bottom of the cooling tower and recirculated back into the industrial process. Advantages: • Scalability: The modular design of the cooling tower allows for easy expansion by adding more modules. • Flexibility: Modular cooling towers can be customized to meet specific cooling requirements. • Easy Maintenance: Each cooling tower module can be serviced independently, reducing downtime. • Energy Efficiency: Modular cooling towers are designed to optimize energy consumption, making them cost-effective. Applications: Modular cooling towers are widely used in industries such as power generation, chemical processing, and HVAC systems, where efficient cooling tower performance is crucial. The modular design makes these cooling towers suitable for installations with varying cooling needs. The ability to add or remove cooling tower modules provides flexibility in managing cooling capacity. Additionally, the modular cooling tower’s design ensures uniform air distribution and efficient heat transfer. The cooling tower’s easy maintenance feature makes it a preferred choice for many industries. Overall, the modular cooling tower is an excellent solution for industries requiring adaptable and efficient cooling tower systems A dry cooling towers is a type of cooling towers that operates without the use of water for evaporative cooling. This cooling towers is designed to transfer excess heat from industrial processes to the atmosphere using air as the cooling medium. Dry cooling towers are ideal for applications where water conservation is critical. Design and Structure: The dry cooling towers features a closed-circuit design, where the working fluid (usually water or a water-glycol mixture) circulates through a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger in the dry cooling towers is equipped with extended fins to increase the surface area for heat transfer. Air is drawn through the dry cooling towers by fans, which can be either natural draft or mechanical draft, depending on the design. Working Principle: The working principle of a dry cooling towers involves transferring heat from the working fluid to the air. The hot fluid from the industrial process enters the dry cooling towers and flows through the heat exchanger. Air is drawn across the heat exchanger, absorbing heat from the fluid. This process in the dry cooling towers cools the fluid, which is then recirculated back into the industrial process. Unlike traditional cooling towers, a dry cooling towers does not rely on water evaporation, making it more efficient in water-scarce regions. Advantages: • Water Conservation: A dry cooling towers significantly reduces water consumption compared to wet cooling towers. • Low Maintenance: The closed-circuit design of the dry cooling towers minimizes the risk of contamination and scaling, reducing maintenance requirements. • Environmental Benefits: By eliminating water evaporation, the dry cooling towers reduces the risk of waterborne diseases and environmental impact. Applications: Dry cooling towers are widely used in industries such as power generation, chemical processing, and HVAC systems. These dry cooling towers are particularly beneficial in areas with limited water resources. The dry cooling towers’s design makes it suitable for applications where water conservation is a priority. Additionally, the dry cooling towers’s ability to operate efficiently in various environmental conditions makes it a versatile solution for industrial cooling needs. Types of Dry Cooling Towers: 1. Natural Draft Dry cooling towers: This dry cooling towers uses natural convection to draw air through the heat exchanger. 2. Mechanical Draft Dry cooling towers: This dry cooling towers uses fans to force air through the heat exchanger, enhancing cooling efficiency. 3. Indirect Dry cooling towers: This dry cooling towers combines a dry cooling towers with a steam condenser for power plant applications. 4. Hybrid Dry cooling towers: This dry cooling towers integrates both dry and wet cooling technologies to optimize performance. Maintenance Tips: • Regularly inspect the dry cooling towers for any signs of wear or damage. • Ensure the fans and heat exchangers in the dry cooling towers are clean and free from obstructions. • Monitor the performance of the dry cooling towers and address any issues promptly. • Schedule routine maintenance to keep the dry cooling towers operating at peak efficiency. A dry cooling towers is an essential component in many industrial processes, offering significant benefits in terms of water conservation and environmental impact. By using air as the cooling medium, the dry cooling towers provides an efficient and sustainable solution for industrial cooling needs. Whether using a natural draft, mechanical draft, or hybrid dry cooling towers, the advantages of a dry cooling towers are clear. Investing in a high-quality dry cooling towers can lead to improved efficiency, reduced maintenance, and long-term cost savings. The dry cooling towers’s design ensures optimal performance and reliability, making it a preferred choice for many industries. Overall, the dry cooling towers is a versatile and effective solution for various cooling requirements.